Questions to ask a dog breeder before you buy a puppy

Once you've decided which breed suits your lifestyle, the next step is finding a responsible breeder. A puppy is a big investment of money and time, so go prepared with good knowledge of the breed and a list of questions. Whether you want a show dog or a family pet, you want a puppy that has been bred for good health and temperament and properly cared for.

No two puppies are the same, even within a breed. How they were bred and raised makes a big difference, which is why the answers to these questions matter.

Can I see the puppies with their mother?

You should always be able to see the puppies with their mother (the dam). The father (the sire) may live elsewhere if a stud dog was used, but the breeder should be able to give you his details and health test results. If you can't see the mother, walk away.

What health tests have the parents had?

Some breeds are more prone to inherited health problems than others, and many of these can be tested for before breeding. Find out which conditions affect your chosen breed and what they could mean for your dog's future health, and for you emotionally and financially.

Ask which tests the parents have had, and whether any tests have been done on the puppies. A responsible breeder tests to reduce the risk of passing conditions on, and will be happy to show you the results.

What vet treatment has the puppy had?

Ask for the vet record showing the vaccinations, worming and flea treatments the puppy has had so far. Check the paperwork and take it with you when you bring your puppy home. If the breeder can't show you any record, be cautious and consider looking elsewhere.

Is the puppy microchipped, and are you registered as the first keeper?

In England, Scotland and Wales, puppies must be microchipped by 8 weeks old, and the breeder must be recorded as the first keeper. Ask for the microchip number so you can transfer the details into your name.

Do you have a local council breeding licence?

In England, breeders need a licence from their local council if they breed three or more litters in a year, or breed and advertise a business of selling dogs. Licensed breeders must show their licence number in adverts. Licence rules differ in Wales and Scotland.

Also in England, Lucy's Law means puppies under six months old can only be sold by the person who bred them or by a rehoming centre.

How have the puppies been socialised?

The first weeks of a puppy's life shape their personality. Most puppies go home at around 8 weeks old, so the breeder starts socialisation and you continue it.

Ask how the puppies have been handled, including being picked up, and whether they have met different people and got used to everyday household sounds and comings and goings. A good breeder should be able to tell you about each puppy's personality and behaviour.

What is the puppy being fed?

A responsible breeder will give you enough of the puppy's current food to keep them on the same diet for a few days after you take them home. They should also give you a feeding plan showing what the puppy has eaten so far and how this should change as they grow. If you're unsure what to feed, ask your vet.

What does the contract of sale cover?

The breeder should offer a written contract that sets out what happens if something goes wrong, or if the puppy's health declines. Some breeders add conditions, for example about neutering. Ask about these early so there are no surprises.

Can my own vet examine the puppy?

Ask whether you can have your own vet check the puppy before you commit, at a time that suits the breeder. A responsible breeder shouldn't refuse. If they do, or insist on using only their own vet, be cautious.