Dental disease in dogs

Dogs rarely get the kind of tooth decay people do, but gum disease is very common. Dental disease is one of the most common health problems vets see in dogs. It can be painful, and it often goes unnoticed until it is advanced.

What is dental disease in dogs?

Dental disease usually starts with plaque and tartar and can progress to gum disease and tooth loss.

How plaque and tartar form

A dog's mouth is home to many bacteria. They build up on the surface of the teeth as a soft, sticky film called plaque. If plaque isn't removed, it hardens into tartar, which is much harder to shift and can't be brushed away.

From gingivitis to periodontal disease

Plaque and tartar irritate the gums, causing inflammation called gingivitis. If this isn't treated, it can develop into periodontal disease, which affects the tissues that hold the tooth in place, including the gum, the ligament around the root and the bone of the jaw. Over time the tooth can become loose and fall out. Severe gum disease can also lead to infections that affect the rest of the body.

Signs of dental disease

Early signs

• Bad breath
• Yellow or brown teeth, or visible tartar near the gum line
• Red or swollen gums

If you notice these, mention them to your vet at your dog's next check, or book an appointment sooner.

Signs to see a vet promptly

• Bleeding from the mouth, or blood in the food or water bowl
• Pain when the mouth is touched
• Reluctance to eat, dropping food or only chewing on one side
• Pawing or rubbing at the mouth
• Drooling more than usual
• Loose or broken teeth
• Losing interest in chew toys or play

Which dogs are more likely to get dental disease?

Dental disease can affect any dog at any age, but it becomes more common as dogs get older. Small breeds and flat-faced breeds are often thought to be more prone, partly because their teeth can be crowded. Breeds often mentioned include Yorkshire Terriers, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, flat-faced breeds such as Pugs, Bulldogs and Shih Tzus, and Greyhounds and Whippets. Your vet can tell you whether your dog needs extra attention.

How to prevent dental disease

Brush your dog's teeth

Brushing once a day is the best way to stop plaque building up. Use a toothbrush or finger brush and a toothpaste made for dogs. Don't use human toothpaste, as some contain ingredients that are harmful to dogs, such as xylitol.

Start slowly, letting your dog lick a little toothpaste, then gently touching their teeth and gums. Keep sessions short and reward your dog. Your vet or vet nurse can show you how.

Chews and food

Some foods and chews are designed to reduce plaque; ask your vet which are suitable. They don't replace brushing.

Regular vet checks

Your vet will check your dog's teeth at routine health checks. If tartar has already built up, brushing won't remove it, and your vet can discuss dental treatment to clean the teeth and deal with any damaged ones.