Caring for your dog in older age

Dogs change gradually as they move from puppyhood to adulthood and into old age. Some changes are subtle and some are obvious. Knowing what to look out for, and adapting how you care for your dog, helps keep them comfortable, healthy and happy in their later years.

Diet for an older dog

As dogs age, their food may need to change too. Senior foods are usually lower in calories to suit a less active dog. Ask your vet whether and when your dog should switch.

Older dogs can also lose teeth, and their sense of smell and taste may fade. A softer food, or one that smells more appealing, can help some dogs keep eating well. Some senior foods include added ingredients aimed at joint or brain health. Your vet can advise whether a particular diet suits your dog.

Keep an eye on your dog's weight. Weight gain puts extra strain on ageing joints, and unexplained weight loss needs a vet check.

Keeping your dog mobile

Most dogs become less energetic as they age, though some stay very active. All dogs still need regular walks and exercise, but you may need to adapt them:

• take shorter, more frequent walks if your dog tires easily;
• watch for signs they've had enough, and head home when they do;
• avoid sudden bursts of hard exercise;
• allow extra time to warm up, as older dogs are often stiffer in the morning.

Stiffness can be a sign of arthritis, which is common in older dogs and can be treated. If your dog is stiff, slow to get up or reluctant to walk, see your vet.

The ageing brain

Like people, dogs can show signs of their brain ageing. Some older dogs develop a condition similar to dementia. They may forget commands they've known for years, seem confused, sleep at different times or behave differently with people and other pets.

Be patient and make allowances for these changes. Gentle games, short training sessions and new smells on walks can help keep your dog's mind active. If you notice confusion or changes in behaviour, talk to your vet, as there may be things that can help.

Changes in sight and hearing

An older dog's eyesight and hearing may decline. They may miss spoken commands or hand signals, or be startled more easily. Approach them calmly, avoid moving furniture around, and be patient. If you notice changes in your dog's senses, mention them to your vet.

Teeth and gums

Older dogs need extra attention to their teeth and gums. Look out for bad breath, red or swollen gums, loose or broken teeth, or difficulty eating, and ask your vet to check their mouth at each visit.

Regular health checks

Older dogs benefit from regular health checks; ask your vet whether they should be seen every six months. Your vet will also advise on which vaccinations your dog still needs.

Between visits, watch for changes in your dog's health or behaviour. See your vet if your dog:

• drinks more than usual or needs to wee more often;
• loses weight;
• has new lumps or bumps;
• seems confused or behaves differently;
• is stiff, limps or struggles to get up;
• goes off their food or has difficulty eating.

If you're unsure, it's always worth asking your vet.